An Abridged Version of a Report for the
Department of Human Services (State of Victoria)

Telemedicine
Creating Virtual certainty out of Remote Possibilities
An International, Comparative Analysis of Policy, Regulatory
and Medico-legal Obstacles and Solutions

Index

APPENDIX I: SELECTED READING LIST

A. GENERAL POLICY ISSUES

Australia

1.

Alexander, M. Discussion paper on Telemedicine for AHMAC, April 1996.

2.

Alexander, M. "Telemedicine in Australia", Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, Vol. 1, The Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1995.

3.

Braithwaite, J. "The 21st Century hospital: will the traditional institution survive, slowly transform or radically alter?" Medical Journal of Australia Vol. 166, 6 January 1997.

4.

Centre for the Study of Clinical Practice, St. Vincent’s Hospital (Melbourne) Evaluating Telehealth Services in Victoria: A General Framework. A Report for the Victorian Department of Human Services, By I. McDonald, S. Hill, J. Dali and B. Crowe, 1997

5.

Crowe BL. Telemedicine in Australia. Canberra, Australian Institute of Health & Welfare 1993.

6.

Department of Human Services (State of Victoria) Information, Information Technology and Telecommunication Strategy for Victorian Public Hospitals. Final Report. December 1996.

7.

Forrest, J. "MP urges clinicians to lobby Minister as enthusiasm for rural telemedicine snowballs" Healthcover, June-July 1998, pg.37.

8.

Health On Line. A Report on Health Information Management and Telemedicine, The House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, October 1997

9.

Heath, I. "A policy perspective on Telemedicine: there is a bigger picture" Healthcover, June-July 1998, pg.45.

10.

Higgs, E.C. "Survival with electronic medicine" Healthcover, June-July 1998, pg. 51

11.

McKinnon, M., "Information technology in medicine", Medical Journal of Australia, Dec 1/15 1997, p.574.

12.

Mitchell, J. The Telemedicine Industry in Australia: from Fragmentation to Integration. A Report for the Department of Industry, Science and Tourism, February 1998.

13.

National Telehealth Committee, Report to the Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council, January 1998.

14.

Yellowlees, M and Kennedy, "Telemedicine: here to stay", Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 166, No 5, 3 March 1997.

United States

15.

Allely, E.B., "Synchronous and Asynchronous Telemedicine", Journal of Medical Systems Vol. 19 No. 3, 1998, pg. 207.

16.

Bashshur R.L. "Critical Issues in Telemedicine" Telemedicine Journal Vol. 3 No. 2, 1997, pg. 113.

17.

Bashshur R.L., Sanders J.H. and Shannon G.W., Telemedicine Theory and Practice 1997.

18.

Bashshur RL, Grigsby J. "Position paper: telemedicine effects: cost, quality and access". Journal Medicine Systems 1995; 19:79-80

19.

Bashshur RL, Puskin D and Silva J (eds), Telemedicine and the National information infrastructure (NII): Policy Issues and Recommendations — Second Invitational Consensus Conference on Telemedicine and the National Information Infrastructure: Telemedicine Journal Volume 1, Number 4, 1995, 321.

20.

Bashshur RL. "Telemedicine effects: cost, quality and access". Journal Medicine Systems 1995; 19:81-91

21.

Bashshur RL. "On the definition and evaluation of telemedicine". Telemedicine Journal 1995; 1:19-30

22.

Cameron, A., Johnson, E., Debold, VP., Miller, E. and Chuang, D. "Telemedicine: An Annotated Bibliography": Part II. Telemedicine Journal Vol. 1, No. 3, 1995.

23.

Council on Competitiveness. Highway to Health: Transforming U.S. Health Care in the Information Age. 1996.

24.

DeBakey M.E., "Telemedicine has now come of age" Telemedicine Journal, Vol. 1 No. 1, 1995 p. 3.

25.

Debold VP., Johnson, E., Cameron, A. and Chuang, D. "Telemedicine: An Annotated Bibliography": Part III." Telemedicine Journal Vol. 1, No. 4, 1995.

26.

Debold, VP., Johnson, E., Schoff, J., Silberman, SL., Cameron, A. and Chuang, D. "Telemedicine: An Annotated Bibliography: Part V." Telemedicine Journal, Vol. 2, No.2, 1996.

27.

Furguson E.W., Doarn C.R. and Scott J.C., Survey of Global Telemedicine, Journal of Medical Systems Vol. 19 No. 1, 1995, pg. 35.

28.

Grigsby, J., Barton, P.L., Kaehny, M.M., et al. Analysis of Expansion of Access to Care Through Use of Telemedicine and Mobile Health Services. Report 1, Literature Review and Analytic Framework. Denver: Center for Health Policy Research, 1993.

29.

Grigsby, J., Barton, P.L., Kaehny, M.M., et al. Analysis of Expansion of Access to Care Through Use of Telemedicine and Mobile Health Services. Report 2, Case Studies and Current Status of Telemedicine. Denver: Center for Health Policy Research, 1994.

30.

Grigsby, J., Barton, P.L., Kaehny, M.M., et al. Analysis of Expansion of Access to Care Through Use of Telemedicine and Mobile Health Services. Report 3, Telemedicine Policy: Quality Assurance, Utilization Review, and Coverage. Denver: Center for Health Policy Research, 1994.

31.

Grigsby, J., Barton, P.L., Kaehny, M.M., et al. Analysis of Expansion of Access to Care Through Use of Telemedicine and Mobile Health Services. Report 4, Study Summary and Recommendations for Further Research. Denver: Center for Health Care Policy Research,, 1994.

32.

Grigsby, J., Kaehny, M., and Sandberg, E. "Effects and Effectiveness of Telemedicine". Health Care Financing Review 17(1): 115-131, 1995.

33.

Institute of Medicine (IOM), Committee on Evaluating Clinical Applications of Telemedicine. Telemedicine — A Guide to Assessing Telecommunications in Health Care. (M. J. Fields, Editor). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1996

34.

Johnson E., Cameron, A., Debold, VP. And Schoff, J. "Telemedicine: An Annotated Bibliography: Part IV." Telemedicine Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1996.

35.

Johnson, E., Debold, VP., Johnson, E., Chuang, D., Cameron, A. and Miller, E. "Telemedicine: An Annotated Bibliography: Part I." Telemedicine Journal (Vol. 1, No. 2, 1995), pp. 155-165.

36.

Merrell R.C., "Telemedicine in the 90’s: Beyond the Future", Journal of Medical Systems Vol. 19 No. 1, 1998, pg. 15.

37.

Moore G.B., Ray D.A. and Rollins J.D., Prescription for the Future: How the Technology Revolution Is Changing the Pulse of Global Health Care 1996

38.

Nutig M.H., "It’s Time for Organized Medicine to carry Telemedicine’s Banner", Telemedicine and Telehealth Networks, April 1998, pg. 25.

39.

Office of Rural Health Policy (ORHP) Rural TeleHealth: Telemedicine, Distance Education, and Informatics for Rural Health Care. Boulder, Colo.: Western Cooperative for Educational Telecommunications, September 1993.

40.

Orbuch PM "A Western States’ effort to address telemedicine policy barriers. (Symposium: Telemedicine; The Intersection of Law, Medicine, and Technology)" North Dakota Law Review Winter 1997, pg.73.

41.

Scannell, K.M., Perednia, D.A., and Kissman, H.M. Telemedicine: Past Present, Future. Washington, D.C.: National Library of Medicine, 1995.

42.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), Bringing Health Care Online: The Role of Information Technologies, September 1995.

43.

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications And Information Administration, in Consultation with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Telemedicine Report to the Congress, January 1997.

44.

Washington State Board of Health Telemedicine. A Report to the Legislature November 1997.

45.

Western Governors’ Association (WGA), Telemedicine Action Report and Telemedicine Action Report Background Papers, June 1995.

46.

Western Governors’ Association, Health-care On-Ramps — A Road Map to Western States’ Information Highways, April 1998.

B. Legal Issues Including General Issues, Telemedicine and Medical Negligence, Evidentiary, Jurisdictional and Risk Management Aspects of Telemedicine

Australia

47.

Commonwealth Attorney-General’s Department, Report of the Electronic Commerce Expert Group, Canberra, 31 March 1998.

48.

Fitzsimmons J., Telemedicine: Negligence Revisited, Australian Institute of Health Law and Ethics "Topics for Attention Issues Papers" No. 7, Autumn 1998, pg.1.

49.

Ramsay K., "Legal Ramifications and Controls in Telemedicine: What are they?" Healthcover August-September 1998, pg.53.

50.

The Laws of Australia. Private International Law (Chapter 5.11) LBC Information Services, 1998.

51.

The Laws of Australia. Medical Practitioners (Chapter 27.2), LBC Information Services, 1998.

United States

52.

ACR (American College of Radiology), Standards for Teleradiology. Reston, Va.: ACR, 1994.

53.

Allen A "Legal barriers to cross-state telemedicine". Telemedicine Today 3(2): 7, 1995.

54.

Berger SB and Cepelewicz BB "Medical-legal issues in teleradiology". American Journal of Roentgenology 166(3): 505-510, 1996.

55.

Collins J, Lindstrom B, Quinn M. Audio design of a telemedicine conference room: telemedicine room design: Part 1. Telemedicine Today 4(4): 26 1996.

56.

Collins J, Lindstrom B, Quinn M. Lighting design and the layout of a telemedicine conference room Telemedicine room design: Part 2; Telemedicine Today 4(5): 26-8.

57.

Forsberg D.A., "Quality Assurance in Teleradiology", Telemedicine Journal Vol.1, No. 2, 1995, pg. 107.

58.

Gobis L.J., "Telenursing: Nursing by Telephone Across State Lines", Journal of Nursing Law, Vol. 3 Issue 3, pg. 7.

59.

Granade P F and Sanders J H "Implementing telemedicine nationwide: analyzing the legal issues". Defense Counsel Journal 63(1): 67-73, 1996.

60.

Granade P.F., "Medical Malpractice Issues Related to the Use of Telemedicine — An Analysis of the Ways in Which Telecommunications Affect the Principles of Medical Malpractice", North Dakota Law Review Symposium Issue: Telemedicine: The Intersection of Law, Medicine and Technology Winter 1997.

61.

Granade, P.F., "Malpractice Issues Affecting the Implementation of Telemedicine". In Telemedicine Action Report: Background Papers. Denver: Western Governors’ Association, June 1995, pp. 36-41.

62.

Granade, P.F., "Malpractice Issues in the Practice of Telemedicine". Telemedicine Journal 1(2):87-89, 1995.

63.

Kamp J.H., "Medical-Legal Issues in Teleradiology: A Commentary" American Journal of Roentgenology 166, March 1996, pg. 511.

64.

McMenamin JP "Telemedicine: Technology and the law". For the Defense: 10-16, July 1997.

65.

Mouse-Young D., "Telemedicine — New Technology = New Questions = New Exposures", The Journal of Healthcare Risk Management fall 1997, pg.3.

66.

Nitzkin J.L., Naisuzhu and Marier R.L., "Reliability of Telemedicine Examination", Telemedicine Journal, Vol.3 No. 2, 1997, pg. 141.

67.

Olmsted B.A., "Electronic Media: Management and Litigation Issues: when "the delete" doesn’t mean delete", Defense Counsel Journal, October 1996, pg. 523.

68.

Physician Insurers Association of America (PIAA) Telemedicine: A Medical Liability White Paper, 1998.

69.

Sanders, J H. and Bashshur, RL, "Prospective Challenges to the Implementation of Telemedicine", Telemedicine Journal, Volume 1, Number 2, Summer 1995.

70.

Sanders, J.H., and Bashshur, R L "Challenges to the Implementation of Telemedicine". Telemedicine Journal 1(2): 115-123, 1995.

71.

Schanz, Stephen J. 1997 Compendium of Telemedicine Laws. 1997.

72.

Shotwell L.F., "Liability Harbors can Avert Stormy Waters. Interstate Practice poses jurisdictional complexities", Telemedicine and Telehealth Networks, March 1996, pg. 42.

73.

Vyborny K.M., "Legal and Political Issues facing Telemedicine", Annals of Health Law Vol. 5, pg.61, 1996.

C. REGISTRATION/LICENSURE AND TELEMEDICINE

Australia

74.

Dix, E. "Interstate Registration of Doctors: The Mutual Recognition Laws." Federation Bulletin 82.4: 1995, p. 230.

75.

Medical Practice Act 1994 (Victoria).

76.

Mutual Recognition (Victoria) Act 1993.

77.

Mutual Recognition Act 1992 (Commonwealth).

United States

78.

Bucklar L.B., "Medical Licensure In the 21st Century: Are we Ready?" Federation Bulletin, 82.4: 1995.

79.

Center for Telemedicine Law: "Telemedicine Interstate Licensure White Paper".

80.

David Y., "Letter to the Editor: Alternative Licensure Systems for Telemedicine", Telemedicine Journal, Vol. 2 No. 1, 1996, pg. 79.

81.

Federation of State Medical Board’s ad hoc Committee on Telemedicine. "A Model Act to Regulate the Practice of Telemedicine or Medicine Across State Lines: An Introduction and Rationale." Federation Bulletin 83.2: 1996.

82.

Gilbert, F. "Licensure and Credentialling Barriers to the Practice of Telemedicine". Telemedicine Action Report: Background Papers. Denver: Western Governors’ Association, pp. 27-35, 1995.

83.

Gobis L., "An Overview of State Laws and Approaches to Minimize Licensure Barriers", Telemedicine Today, December 1997, pg. 14.

84.

Schanz S.J. "Licensure Quagmire Continues" Telemedicine Today, March-April 1997, pg. 9.

85.

Whelan L.J. and Wood M.B., "Unresolved Issues Snarl Licensure Laws" Telemedicine and Telehealth Networks, September 1996, pg. 33.

D. PRIVACY, CONFIDENTIALITY AND SECURITY ISSUES IN TELEMEDICINE

Australia

86.

Commonwealth Attorney-General’s Department, Privacy Protection in the Private Sector, Discussion Paper; September 1996.

87.

Commonwealth of Australia, Senate Community Affairs References Committee, Report on Access to Medical Records, June 1997.

88.

Halliman J., "Human Factors in Computer Security: A Review", Journal of Law and Information Science, Vol. 4 No. 1, 1993, pg. 94.

89.

Jackson, M., "Data Protection Regulation in Australia after 1988", International Journal of Law and Information Technology, Vol. 5 No. 2, pg. 158.

90.

Kirby M., "Legal Aspects of Transborder Data Flows" Computer Law Journal, Vol. 11, 1991, pg. 233.

91.

Magennis T. and Mitchell J., "Privacy and Security: Are your Information Systems up to Standard?" Health Information Management, Vol. 26 No. 4, 1996/97, pg. 197.

92.

O’Connor, K., ‘Privacy Issues Facing a Networked Health Environment’, Health Issues, No. 48, September 1996.

93.

Office of the Privacy Commissioner Information Privacy in Australia: A National Scheme for Fair Information Practices in the Private Sector, August 1997.

94.

Office of the Privacy Commissioner, National Principles for the Fair Handling of Personal Information, February 1998.

95.

Standards Australia Personal Privacy Protection in Health Care Information Systems, AS 4400-1995.

96.

State Government of Victoria, Department of State Development and Multimedia Victoria: Discussion Paper: Information Privacy in Victoria-Data Protection Bill, July 1998.

97.

State Government of Victoria, Department of State Development and Multi Media Victoria: Discussion Paper: Promoting Electronic Business-Electronic Commerce Framework Bill, July 1998.

98.

Taylor D.M., Chappell-Lawrence J. and Graham I.S., "Facsimile Communication between Emergency Departments and GPs, and Patient Data Confidentiality", Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 167, pg. 575, 15 December 1997.

99.

Tucker G., "Frontiers of Information Privacy in Australia", Journal of Law and Information Science, Vol. 3 No. 1, 1992, pg. 63.

United States

100.

American Medical Association, AMA’s Principles of Medical Records Privacy and Confidentiality, 16 May 1997.

101.

Gilbert F., "Privacy of Medical Records? The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, creates a framework for the establishment of Security Standards and Protection of Individually Identifiable Health Information", University of North Dakota Law Review (Symposium Issue on Telemedicine), Vol. 72:1 (1997) pg. 93.

102.

Gostin L., "Health Care Information and the Protection of Personal Privacy: Ethical and Legal Considerations", Annals of Internal Medicine, part 2, 15 October 1997, pg. 683.

103.

Institute of Medicine (IOM) Health Data in the Information Age: Use, Disclosure, and Privacy. M.S. Donaldson and K.N. Lohr, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994.

104.

Nagle C.E., "Commentary: Confidentiality of Patient Information-Challenges for Opportunities for Physicians in using the Computerized Medical Record", Topics in Health Information Management, November 1995, pg. 72.

105.

National Research Counsel Computer Science And Telecommunication Board, For the Record: Protecting Electronic Health Information, 1997

106.

US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) Protecting Privacy in Computerized Medical Information, September 1993.

APPENDIX II: LIST OF PERSONS/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED

M. Ackerman (Maryland)

Dr. M. Kidd (NSW)

Dr. M. Alexander (Victoria)

Dr. A. Lacroix (Quebec)

J. Barron (Massachusetts)

S. Linden (NSW)

L. Bartholomew (Maryland)

J. Logan (Oklahoma)

R. Bashshur (Illinois)

Dr. I. McDonald (Victoria)

H. Bastion (ACT)

Dr. M. McKinnon (SA)

R. Benjamin (Victoria)

T. Miller (New York)

Dr. K. Breen (Victoria)

J. Mitchell (SA)

Dr. R. Broadbent (Victoria)

N. Neuberger (Virginia)

M. Carter (Victoria)

P. Orbach (Colorado)

Prof. B. Celler (NSW)

C. Patterson (NSW)

Dr. C. Clay (WA)

J. Payne (ACT)

J. Cliff (ACT)

P. Peledeau (Quebec)

Dr. B. Cole (Victoria)

J. Peoples (Victoria)

B. Crowe (ACT)

Dr. S. Permezel (Victoria)

A. Davis (SA)

Dr. J. Picot (Quebec)

A. Dix (NSW)

Dr. D. Puskin (Washington, DC)

Dr. G. Doolittle (Kansas)

Dr. D. Ransom (Victoria)

Dr. P. Edwards (NSW)

J. Reid (Kansas)

W. England (Maryland)

C. Rooney (Washington, DC)

L. Fentiman (New York)

Dr. D. Roy (Quebec)

J. Forrest (NSW)

Dr. J. Sanders (Georgia)

Dr. I. Frank (NSW)

S. Schanz (Washington, DC)

M. Gardiner — Jones (Washington, DC)

J. Seymour (ACT)

Dr. R. Grogan (Victoria)

L. Seys (Victoria)

C. Haberman (Maryland)

Dr. L. Smith (ACT)

P. Harlow (ACT)

C. Stern-Hyman (New York)

Dr. F. Hawker (SA)

Dr. K. Thomson (Victoria)

I. Heath (ACT)

Dr. J. Togno (Victoria)

C. Higgins (NSW)

R. Waters (Washington, DC)

Dr. M. Jones (Victoria)

Prof. D. Weedon (Queensland)

Dr. F. Judd (Victoria)

Dr. D. Wentz (Illinois)

E. Kennedy (Victoria)

Prof. P. Yellowlees (Queensland)

Index